Ali Iftikhar

“Income Elasticity of Demand, Cross Elasticity of Demand” explores two critical concepts in economics that explain how demand for goods and services responds to changes in income levels and the prices of related products. This blog post breaks down the definitions, significance, and formulas for these elasticities, supported by practical examples and insights into their real-world applications. Perfect for students and enthusiasts of economics, it offers a clear understanding of these demand dynamics and their implications for businesses and policymakers. This topic is equally important for the students of economics across all the major Boards and Universities such as FBISE, BISERWP, BISELHR, MU, DU, PU, NCERT, CBSE & others & across all the business & finance disciplines.

Evolving different thoughts of Economics. “Economic thought has evolved through centuries, shaping the way we understand wealth, markets, and human behavior. The journey begins with Adam Smith’s classical economics, where the ‘invisible hand’ and the pursuit of self-interest lay the foundation for market dynamics. Later, Alfred Marshall’s neo-classical economics refined these ideas, introducing concepts like marginal utility and supply-demand equilibrium. Finally, Lionel Robbins’ modern approach redefined economics as the science of scarcity and choice, focusing on the allocation of limited resources to meet endless wants. Together, these perspectives offer a comprehensive view of economic theory’s evolution.”

In this post, I’ll explore the barter system and its difficulties, an early method of trade where goods and services were exchanged directly without money. We’ll also delve into the challenges it presented, making it an important topic in both economics and business.